How many grams of xylitol in trident

Recovery tests were performed to evaluate extraction efficiency. Gum base left after the 10th extraction was spiked with a known amount of solid xylitol The xylitol was thoroughly ground into the gum base using a mortar and pestle before extraction and DAI GC-MS analysis using the fresh gum method described above. This procedure was repeated for five gum-base samples GB-1 through GB Acceptable recovery values and low standard deviations indicate high accuracy and precision of the method; thus reliable quantification is expected using this method.

An internal standard calibration graph was plotted using the ratio of peak areas of the internal standard DL-threitol versus the concentration of xylitol. Good linearity was observed, with a square of the correlation coefficient r 2 of 0.

A signal-to-noise approach was selected to determine limits of detection and quantification. LOD was determined to be 0. Effect of chewing rate on xylitol release was studied. Four volunteers were randomly selected for this experiment. Each participant was given three gum sticks with similar masses 1.

Chewing rates were selected after considering general chewing habits. We observed that a person starts chewing a gum piece at a rate between 30 and chews per minute for the first two minutes due to the sugar taste.

Chewing rates then decrease with time due to decreased sugar content of the gum. Three chewing rates 30, 60, and chews per minute were selected. The method, which was used for the fresh gum analysis, was used to determine the xylitol content of chewed gum samples in this experiment Figure 8. Amount of xylitol remaining in a gum piece chewed by four participants at three different rates numbers sharing similar lower case letters indicate no significant difference.

It should be noted that there appears to be a trend that more xylitol is released with more rapid chewing; however, a larger sample size is required for proof. Trident spearmint flavor gum pieces were selected for this study. In order to determine the range of xylitol content in a gum stick, 4 gum packs were chosen randomly, each with 18 gum sticks.

The 1st, 9th, and 18th sticks of each pack were selected for analysis. The amount of xylitol in the fresh gum pieces were determined using the fresh gum analysis method established above. The xylitol content of the fresh gum samples ranged from The mass of xylitol ranged from 5. The amount of xylitol found in these samples ranged from 0. This represents about 0. Approximately In general, a dog's size affects its tolerance to xylitol poisoning: the smaller the dog, the less tolerant and vice versa.

Additional cleanup steps and sample derivatization were not required for the analysis, resulting in short analysis times. Thus, this method possesses advantages in terms of efficiency, selectivity, and accuracy. The authors would like to thank graduate students and undergraduates of Department of Chemistry, MSU, for providing analytical samples. The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U.

J Anal Methods Chem. Published online Feb 7. Suranga M. Liyanage , 1 Deb Mlsna , 1 and Todd E. Mlsna 1. Achala S. Todd E. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Corresponding author. Deb Mlsna: ude. Mlsna: ude. Received Jul 5; Accepted Nov Rajapaksha et al.

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Associated Data Data Availability Statement The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article. Abstract Xylitol, a sugar substitute frequently used in sugar-free gum, is generally considered harmless to humans but it can be extremely toxic to dogs.

Introduction Xylitol can be found naturally in low concentrations in fruits, vegetables, mushrooms, and sugar cane. Table 1 The amount of xylitol and number of fresh gum sticks that can cause hypoglycemia in dogs [ 16 — 18 ]. Size of the dog Amount of xylitol to cause hypoglycemia in dog g dose: 0. Open in a separate window.

Materials and Methods 2. Extraction Method Overview A flow diagram of the method is shown in Figure 1 that includes sample collection, xylitol extractions by grinding gum pieces using a mortar and pestle, and centrifugation to remove any particulates before preparing solutions for GC-MS analysis.

Figure 1. Extraction of Xylitol from Fresh Gum Samples Sample collection: 4 gum packs, each containing 18 gum sticks, were randomly selected from a commercial package containing 14 packs. Figure 2. Results and Discussion 3. Figure 3. Figure 4. Figure 5. In humans xylitol does not cause release of insulin. However in dogs, it is a potent stimulator of insulin release from the pancreas which leads to a rapid and severe drop in blood sugar levels.

This low blood sugar level hypoglycemia can quickly become a life threatening situation. High doses of ingestion can also lead to liver failure for yet unknown reasons, often days after ingestion. Pets that experience this condition do not always show signs of low blood sugar initially making follow up monitoring very important. How much xylitol does it take to cause problems? This means a 20lb dog can experience toxicity after ingesting just one piece of gum containing mg.

Share This. MedVet's Emergency Veterinarians November 30, Featured Posts. Look for these signs. So using an estimate of 0. For Vegas, my Rhodesian Ridgeback weighing in at 96 lbs, the dose was too low to be toxic phew. It could still cause some diarrhea though. For Lily, my Beagle mix weighing 35 lbs. If I had to guess, Lily was the likely culprit. She is capable of getting up on desks and counters and generally causing havoc when it suits her.

For Pearl, my Shih Tzu mix weighing in at a mere 12 pounds, the dose was high enough to cause low blood sugar and high enough to cause liver toxicity. For this little dog, even if I guessed she only got two sticks, she would still be at risk for hypoglycemia. Despite her diminutive size she can be tough, and in her hey-day she would have taken on both of the other dogs to win a prize like this.

Okay, so now I knew the situation was a possible emergency. But before panicking I tried to get more information on the gum.